The term Ancien Regime refers to the old measures from the system of Charlemagne i.e. these measures were used before French Revolution of 1789. On of the problems was that units varied from one region to another, subdivisions were irregular (suffered regional variation) which resulted in complications of business transactions. The French (Ancien Regime) units that were used to measure area were: arpent (Eaux et Forets), arpent (de Paris), perche (Eaux et Forets), perche (de Paris), toise carree, pied carre. The largest unit was arpent (Eaux et Forets) were 1 [arpent (Eaux et Forets)] is equal to 48400 [pied carre] or 5107.1992974728 \(\mathrm{m}^2\). The smallest unit was pied carre were 1 [pied carre] is equal to 0.105520656642 \([\mathrm{m}^2]\). The table of conversion factors for all area measurement untis is given in the following table.
All Ancien Regime area units converted to pied (carre) (de Paris) and than to \(m^2\) in mathematical form are given below.
\begin{eqnarray}
1 [\mathrm{arpent} \quad (\mathrm{Eaux}\quad\mathrm{et}\quad\mathrm{Forets})] &=& 48400 [\mathrm{pied}\quad \mathrm{carre}] = 48400 \cdot 0.105520646642 [\mathrm{m}^2] = 5107.19[\mathrm{m}^2]\\
1 [\mathrm{arpent}\quad\mathrm{(de Paris)}] &=& 32400 [\mathrm{pied}\quad \mathrm{carre}] = 32400 \cdot 0.105520646642 [\mathrm{m}^2] = 3418.8689 [\mathrm{m}^2]\\
1 [\mathrm{perche}\quad (\mathrm{Eaux}\quad\mathrm{et}\quad\mathrm{Forets})] &=& 484 [\mathrm{pied}\quad \mathrm{carre}] = 484\cdot 0.105520646642 [\mathrm{m}^2] = 51.0719 [\mathrm{m}^2]\\
1 [\mathrm{perche}\quad\mathrm{(de Paris)}] &=& 324 [\mathrm{pied}\quad \mathrm{carre}] = 324 \cdot 0.105520646642 [\mathrm{m}^2] = 34.1886[\mathrm{m}^2]\\
1 [\mathrm{toise} \quad \mathrm{carree}] &=& 36 [\mathrm{pied}\quad \mathrm{carre}] = 36 \cdot 0.105520646642 [\mathrm{m}^2] = 3.7987[\mathrm{m}^2]\\
1 [\mathrm{pied}\quad \mathrm{carre}] &=& 1 [\mathrm{pied}\quad \mathrm{carre}] = 1\cdot 0.105520646642 [\mathrm{m}^2] = 0.105520646642[\mathrm{m}^2]\\
\end{eqnarray}
Generally, each region used the same or similar unit naes however conversion factor varied. For example arpent unit had two most commonly used units and these were arpent (Eaux et Forets) and arpent (de Paris). 1 [arpent (Eaux et Forets)] = \(\frac{121}{81}\) [arpent (de Paris)]. However, there were arpent units from Tourraine and Orleans. Known regional area unit variations are shown in the following table.
| arpent (Eaux et Forets) |
arpent (de Paris) |
perche (Eaux et Forets) |
perche (de Paris) |
toise carree |
pied carre |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | $$\frac{121}{81}$$ | 100 | $$\frac{12100}{81}$$ | $$\frac{12100}{9}$$ | $$48400$$ |
| $$\frac{81}{121}$$ | 1 | $$\frac{8100}{121}$$ | 100 | 900 | 32400 |
| $$\frac{1}{100}$$ | $$\frac{121}{8100}$$ | 1 | $$\frac{121}{81}$$ | $$\frac{121}{9}$$ | 484 |
| $$\frac{81}{12100}$$ | $$\frac{1}{100}$$ | $$\frac{81}{121}$$ | 1 | 9 | 324 |
| $$\frac{9}{12100}$$ | $$\frac{1}{900}$$ | $$\frac{9}{121}$$ | $$\frac{1}{9}$$ | 1 | 36 |
| $$\frac{1}{48400}$$ | $$\frac{1}{32400}$$ | $$\frac{1}{484}$$ | $$\frac{1}{324}$$ | $$\frac{1}{36}$$ | 1 |
| Region | Unit of Area | Other Units |
|---|---|---|
| Normandie | Acre | 1 [acre] = 160 [perches] (for land) 1 [quartier] = 25 perches (for forest) |
| Bourgogne | Journal | 1 [jorunal] = 360 perches de 9 pieds et demi 1 [arpent] = 440 [perches] |
| Dauphine | Sesteree | 1 [sesteree] = 900 [cannes quarrees] 1 [sesteree] = 4 [cartelees] 1 [cartelee] = 4 [civadiers] 1 [civadier] = 4 [picotins] |
| Provence | Saumee | 1 [saumee] = 1500 [cannes quarrees] 1 [saumee] = 2 \(\frac{1}{2}\) [cartelees] 1 [cartelee] = 4 [civadiers] 1 [civadier] = 4 [picotins] |
| Languedoc | Saumee | 1 [saumee] = 1600 [cannes quarrees] 1 [canne] = 8 [pans] 1 [pan] = 8 pouces et 9 lignes |
| Bretagne | Journal | 1 [journal] = \(22\frac{1}{3}\) [seillons] 1 [seillon] = 6 [raies] 1 [raie] = \(2 \frac{1}{2}\) [gaules] 1 [gaule] = 12 [pieds] |
| Tourraine | Arpent | 1 [arpent] = 100 [chaines] 1 [chaine] = 25 [pieds] 1 [pied] = 12 [pouches] |
| Lorraine | Journal | 1 [journal] = 250 [toises quarrees] 1 [toise] = 10 [pieds] 1 [pied] = 10 [pouces] |
| Orleanais | Arpent | 1 [arpent] = 100 [perches quarrees] 1 [perche] = 100 [pieds] 1 [pied] = 12 [pouces] |
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